Include class

This is the reference for the Include that contains all the parameters, attributes and functions.

How to import

from esmerald import Include

esmerald.Include

Include(path=None, app=None, name=None, routes=None, namespace=None, pattern=None, parent=None, dependencies=None, interceptors=None, permissions=None, exception_handlers=None, middleware=None, before_request=None, after_request=None, include_in_schema=True, deprecated=None, security=None, tags=None, redirect_slashes=True)

Bases: Dispatcher, Include

Include object class that allows scalability and modularity to happen with elegance.

Read more about the Include to understand what can be done.

Include manages routes as a list or as a namespace but not both or a ImproperlyConfigured is raised.

PARAMETER	DESCRIPTION
path	Relative path of the Include. The path can contain parameters in a dictionary like format and if the path is not provided, it will default to /. Example Include() Example with parameters Include(path="/{age: int}") TYPE: Optional[str] DEFAULT: None
app	An application can be anything that is treated as an ASGI application. For example, it can be a ChildEsmerald, another Esmerald, a Router or even an external WSGI application (Django, Flask...) The app is a parameter that makes the Include extremely powerful when it comes to integrate with ease with whatever Python stack you want and need. Example from esmerald import Esmerald, ChildEsmerald, Include Esmerald( routes=[ Include('/child', app=ChildEsmerald(...)) ] ) Example with a WSGI framework from flask import Flask, escape, request from esmerald import Esmerald, Gateway, Include, Request, get from esmerald.middleware.wsgi import WSGIMiddleware flask_app = Flask(__name__) @flask_app.route("/") def flask_main(): name = request.args.get("name", "Esmerald") return f"Hello, {escape(name)} from your Flask integrated!" @get("/home/{name:str}") async def home(request: Request) -> dict: name = request.path_params["name"] return {"name": escape(name)} app = Esmerald( routes=[ Gateway(handler=home), Include("/flask", WSGIMiddleware(flask_app)), ] ) TYPE: ASGIApp | str DEFAULT: None
name	The name for the Gateway. The name can be reversed by path_for(). TYPE: Optional[str] DEFAULT: None
routes	A global list of esmerald routes. Those routes may vary and those can be Gateway, WebSocketGateWay or even another Include. This is also an entry-point for the routes of the Include but it does not rely on only one level. Read more about how to use and leverage the Esmerald routing system. Example from esmerald import Esmerald, Gateway, Request, get, Include @get() async def homepage(request: Request) -> str: return "Hello, home!" @get() async def another(request: Request) -> str: return "Hello, another!" app = Esmerald( routes=[ Gateway(handler=homepage) Include("/nested", routes=[ Gateway(handler=another) ]) ] ) Note The Include is very powerful and this example is not enough to understand what more things you can do. Read in more detail about this. TYPE: Optional[Sequence[Union[APIGateHandler, Include, HTTPHandler, WebSocketHandler]]] DEFAULT: None
namespace	A string with a qualified namespace from where the URLs should be loaded. The namespace is an alternative to routes parameter. When a namespace is specified and a routes as well, an ImproperlyCOnfigured exception is raised as it can only be one or another. The namespace can be extremely useful as it avoids the imports from the top of the file that can lead to partially imported errors. When using a namespace, the Include will look for the default route_patterns list in the imported namespace (object) unless a different pattern is specified. Example Assuming there is a file with some routes located at myapp/auth/urls.py. myapp/auth/urls.py from esmerald import Gateway from .view import welcome, create_user route_patterns = [ Gateway(handler=welcome, name="welcome"), Gateway(handler=create_user, name="create-user"), ] Using the namespace to import the URLs. from esmerald import Include Include("/auth", namespace="myapp.auth.urls") TYPE: Optional[str] DEFAULT: None
pattern	A string pattern information from where the urls shall be read from. By default, the when using the namespace it will lookup for a route_patterns but somethimes you might want to opt for a different name and this is where the pattern comes along. Example Assuming there is a file with some routes located at myapp/auth/urls.py. The urls will be placed inside a urls list. myapp/auth/urls.py from esmerald import Gateway from .view import welcome, create_user urls = [ Gateway(handler=welcome, name="welcome"), Gateway(handler=create_user, name="create-user"), ] Using the namespace to import the URLs. from esmerald import Include Include("/auth", namespace="myapp.auth.urls", pattern="urls") TYPE: Optional[str] DEFAULT: None
parent	Who owns the Gateway. If not specified, the application automatically it assign it. This is directly related with the application levels. TYPE: Optional[ParentType] DEFAULT: None
dependencies	A dictionary of string and Inject instances enable application level dependency injection. TYPE: Optional[Dependencies] DEFAULT: None
interceptors	A list of interceptors to serve the application incoming requests (HTTP and Websockets). TYPE: Optional[Sequence[Interceptor]] DEFAULT: None
permissions	A list of permissions to serve the application incoming requests (HTTP and Websockets). TYPE: Optional[Sequence[Permission] | Any] DEFAULT: None
exception_handlers	A dictionary of exception types (or custom exceptions) and the handler functions on an application top level. Exception handler callables should be of the form of handler(request, exc) -> response and may be be either standard functions, or async functions. TYPE: Optional[ExceptionHandlerMap] DEFAULT: None
middleware	A list of middleware to run for every request. The middlewares of an Include will be checked from top-down or Lilya Middleware as they are both converted internally. Read more about Python Protocols. TYPE: Optional[list[Middleware]] DEFAULT: None
before_request	A list of events that are trigger after the application processes the request. Read more about the events. TYPE: Union[Sequence[Callable[..., Any]], None] DEFAULT: None
after_request	A list of events that are trigger after the application processes the request. Read more about the events. TYPE: Union[Sequence[Callable[..., Any]], None] DEFAULT: None
include_in_schema	Boolean flag indicating if it should be added to the OpenAPI docs. This will add all the routes of the Include even those nested (Include containing more Includes.) TYPE: bool DEFAULT: True
deprecated	Boolean flag for indicating the deprecation of the Include and all of its routes and to display it in the OpenAPI documentation.. TYPE: Optional[bool] DEFAULT: None
security	Used by OpenAPI definition, the security must be compliant with the norms. Esmerald offers some out of the box solutions where this is implemented. The Esmerald security is available to automatically used. The security can be applied also on a level basis. For custom security objects, you must subclass esmerald.openapi.security.base.HTTPBase object. TYPE: Optional[Sequence[SecurityScheme]] DEFAULT: None
tags	A list of strings tags to be applied to the path operation. It will be added to the generated OpenAPI documentation. Note almost everything in Esmerald can be done in levels, which means these tags on a Esmerald instance, means it will be added to every route even if those routes also contain tags. TYPE: Optional[Sequence[str]] DEFAULT: None
redirect_slashes	Boolean flag indicating if the redirect slashes are enabled for the routes or not. TYPE: Optional[bool] DEFAULT: True

Source code in esmerald/routing/router.py

def __init__(
    self,
    path: Annotated[
        Optional[str],
        Doc(
            """
            Relative path of the `Include`.
            The path can contain parameters in a dictionary like format
            and if the path is not provided, it will default to `/`.

            **Example**

            ```python
            Include()
            ```

            **Example with parameters**

            ```python
            Include(path="/{age: int}")
            ```
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    app: Annotated[
        ASGIApp | str,
        Doc(
            """
            An application can be anything that is treated as an ASGI application.
            For example, it can be a [ChildEsmerald](https://esmerald.dev/routing/router/#child-esmerald-application), another `Esmerald`, a [Router](https://esmerald.dev/routing/router/#router-class) or even an external [WSGI application](https://esmerald.dev/wsgi/) (Django, Flask...)

            The app is a parameter that makes the Include extremely powerful when it comes
            to integrate with ease with whatever Python stack you want and need.

            **Example**

            ```python
            from esmerald import Esmerald, ChildEsmerald, Include

            Esmerald(
                routes=[
                    Include('/child', app=ChildEsmerald(...))
                ]
            )
            ```

            **Example with a WSGI framework**

            ```python
            from flask import Flask, escape, request

            from esmerald import Esmerald, Gateway, Include, Request, get
            from esmerald.middleware.wsgi import WSGIMiddleware

            flask_app = Flask(__name__)


            @flask_app.route("/")
            def flask_main():
                name = request.args.get("name", "Esmerald")
                return f"Hello, {escape(name)} from your Flask integrated!"


            @get("/home/{name:str}")
            async def home(request: Request) -> dict:
                name = request.path_params["name"]
                return {"name": escape(name)}


            app = Esmerald(
                routes=[
                    Gateway(handler=home),
                    Include("/flask", WSGIMiddleware(flask_app)),
                ]
            )
            ```

            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    name: Annotated[
        Optional[str],
        Doc(
            """
            The name for the Gateway. The name can be reversed by `path_for()`.
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    routes: Annotated[
        Optional[Sequence[Union[APIGateHandler, Include, HTTPHandler, WebSocketHandler]]],
        Doc(
            """
            A global `list` of esmerald routes. Those routes may vary and those can
            be `Gateway`, `WebSocketGateWay` or even another `Include`.

            This is also an entry-point for the routes of the Include
            but it **does not rely on only one [level](https://esmerald.dev/application/levels/)**.

            Read more about how to use and leverage
            the [Esmerald routing system](https://esmerald.dev/routing/routes/).

            **Example**

            ```python
            from esmerald import Esmerald, Gateway, Request, get, Include


            @get()
            async def homepage(request: Request) -> str:
                return "Hello, home!"


            @get()
            async def another(request: Request) -> str:
                return "Hello, another!"

            app = Esmerald(
                routes=[
                    Gateway(handler=homepage)
                    Include("/nested", routes=[
                        Gateway(handler=another)
                    ])
                ]
            )
            ```

            !!! Note
                The Include is very powerful and this example
                is not enough to understand what more things you can do.
                Read in [more detail](https://esmerald.dev/routing/routes/#include) about this.
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    namespace: Annotated[
        Optional[str],
        Doc(
            """
            A string with a qualified namespace from where the URLs should be loaded.

            The namespace is an alternative to `routes` parameter. When a `namespace` is
            specified and a routes as well, an `ImproperlyCOnfigured` exception is raised as
            it can only be one or another.

            The `namespace` can be extremely useful as it avoids the imports from the top
            of the file that can lead to `partially imported` errors.

            When using a `namespace`, the `Include` will look for the default `route_patterns` list in the imported namespace (object) unless a different `pattern` is specified.

            **Example**

            Assuming there is a file with some routes located at `myapp/auth/urls.py`.

            ```python title="myapp/auth/urls.py"
            from esmerald import Gateway
            from .view import welcome, create_user

            route_patterns = [
                Gateway(handler=welcome, name="welcome"),
                Gateway(handler=create_user, name="create-user"),
            ]
            ```

            Using the `namespace` to import the URLs.

            ```python
            from esmerald import Include

            Include("/auth", namespace="myapp.auth.urls")
            ```
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    pattern: Annotated[
        Optional[str],
        Doc(
            """
            A string `pattern` information from where the urls shall be read from.

            By default, the when using the `namespace` it will lookup for a `route_patterns`
            but somethimes you might want to opt for a different name and this is where the
            `pattern` comes along.

            **Example**

            Assuming there is a file with some routes located at `myapp/auth/urls.py`.
            The urls will be placed inside a `urls` list.

            ```python title="myapp/auth/urls.py"
            from esmerald import Gateway
            from .view import welcome, create_user

            urls = [
                Gateway(handler=welcome, name="welcome"),
                Gateway(handler=create_user, name="create-user"),
            ]
            ```

            Using the `namespace` to import the URLs.

            ```python
            from esmerald import Include

            Include("/auth", namespace="myapp.auth.urls", pattern="urls")
            ```
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    parent: Annotated[
        Optional[ParentType],
        Doc(
            """
            Who owns the Gateway. If not specified, the application automatically it assign it.

            This is directly related with the [application levels](https://esmerald.dev/application/levels/).
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    dependencies: Annotated[
        Optional[Dependencies],
        Doc(
            """
            A dictionary of string and [Inject](https://esmerald.dev/dependencies/) instances enable application level dependency injection.
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    interceptors: Annotated[
        Optional[Sequence[Interceptor]],
        Doc(
            """
            A list of [interceptors](https://esmerald.dev/interceptors/) to serve the application incoming requests (HTTP and Websockets).
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    permissions: Annotated[
        Optional[Sequence[Permission] | Any],
        Doc(
            """
            A list of [permissions](https://esmerald.dev/permissions/) to serve the application incoming requests (HTTP and Websockets).
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    exception_handlers: Annotated[
        Optional[ExceptionHandlerMap],
        Doc(
            """
            A dictionary of [exception types](https://esmerald.dev/exceptions/) (or custom exceptions) and the handler functions on an application top level. Exception handler callables should be of the form of `handler(request, exc) -> response` and may be be either standard functions, or async functions.
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    middleware: Annotated[
        Optional[list[Middleware]],
        Doc(
            """
            A list of middleware to run for every request. The middlewares of an Include will be checked from top-down or [Lilya Middleware](https://www.lilya.dev/middleware/) as they are both converted internally. Read more about [Python Protocols](https://peps.python.org/pep-0544/).
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    before_request: Annotated[
        Union[Sequence[Callable[..., Any]], None],
        Doc(
            """
            A `list` of events that are trigger after the application
            processes the request.

            Read more about the [events](https://lilya.dev/lifespan/).
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    after_request: Annotated[
        Union[Sequence[Callable[..., Any]], None],
        Doc(
            """
            A `list` of events that are trigger after the application
            processes the request.

            Read more about the [events](https://lilya.dev/lifespan/).
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    include_in_schema: Annotated[
        bool,
        Doc(
            """
            Boolean flag indicating if it should be added to the OpenAPI docs.

            This will add all the routes of the Include even those nested (Include containing more Includes.)
            """
        ),
    ] = True,
    deprecated: Annotated[
        Optional[bool],
        Doc(
            """
            Boolean flag for indicating the deprecation of the Include and all of its routes and to display it in the OpenAPI documentation..
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    security: Annotated[
        Optional[Sequence[SecurityScheme]],
        Doc(
            """
            Used by OpenAPI definition, the security must be compliant with the norms.
            Esmerald offers some out of the box solutions where this is implemented.

            The [Esmerald security](https://esmerald.dev/openapi/) is available to automatically used.

            The security can be applied also on a [level basis](https://esmerald.dev/application/levels/).

            For custom security objects, you **must** subclass
            `esmerald.openapi.security.base.HTTPBase` object.
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    tags: Annotated[
        Optional[Sequence[str]],
        Doc(
            """
            A list of strings tags to be applied to the *path operation*.

            It will be added to the generated OpenAPI documentation.

            **Note** almost everything in Esmerald can be done in [levels](https://esmerald.dev/application/levels/), which means
            these tags on a Esmerald instance, means it will be added to every route even
            if those routes also contain tags.
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    redirect_slashes: Annotated[
        Optional[bool],
        Doc(
            """
            Boolean flag indicating if the redirect slashes are enabled for the
            routes or not.
            """
        ),
    ] = True,
) -> None:
    self.path = path
    if not path:
        self.path = "/"

    if namespace and routes:
        raise ImproperlyConfigured("It can only be namespace or routes, not both.")

    if namespace and not isinstance(namespace, str):
        raise ImproperlyConfigured("Namespace must be a string. Example: 'myapp.routes'.")

    if pattern and not isinstance(pattern, str):
        raise ImproperlyConfigured("Pattern must be a string. Example: 'route_patterns'.")

    if pattern and routes:
        raise ImproperlyConfigured("Pattern must be used only with namespace.")

    if namespace:
        routes = include(namespace, pattern)

    # Add the middleware to the include
    self.middleware = middleware or []
    include_middleware: Sequence[Middleware] = []

    for _middleware in self.middleware:
        if isinstance(_middleware, DefineMiddleware):  # pragma: no cover
            include_middleware.append(_middleware)
        else:
            include_middleware.append(  # type: ignore
                DefineMiddleware(cast("Type[DefineMiddleware]", _middleware))
            )

    if isinstance(app, str):
        app = load(app)

    self.app = self.resolve_app_parent(app=app)

    self.dependencies = dependencies or {}
    self.interceptors: Sequence[Interceptor] = interceptors or []
    self.response_class = None
    self.response_cookies = None
    self.response_headers = None
    self.parent = parent
    self.security = security or []
    self.tags = tags or []

    if namespace:
        routes = include(namespace, pattern)

    if routes:
        routes = self.resolve_route_path_handler(routes)

    self.__base_permissions__ = permissions or []
    self.__lilya_permissions__ = [
        wrap_permission(permission)
        for permission in self.__base_permissions__ or []
        if not is_esmerald_permission(permission)
    ]

    super().__init__(
        path=self.path,
        app=self.app,
        routes=routes,
        name=name,
        middleware=include_middleware,
        exception_handlers=exception_handlers,
        deprecated=deprecated,
        include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
        redirect_slashes=redirect_slashes,
        permissions=self.__lilya_permissions__,  # type: ignore
        before_request=before_request,
        after_request=after_request,
    )

    # Filter out the lilya unique permissions
    if self.__lilya_permissions__:
        self.lilya_permissions: Any = {
            index: permission in self.__lilya_permissions__
            for index, permission in enumerate(self.__lilya_permissions__)
        }
    else:
        self.lilya_permissions = {}

    # Making sure Esmerald uses the Esmerald permission system and not Lilya's.
    # Filter out the esmerald unique permissions
    if self.__base_permissions__:
        self.permissions: Any = {
            index: wrap_permission(permission)
            for index, permission in enumerate(permissions)
            if is_esmerald_permission(permission)
        }
    else:
        self.permissions = {}

path instance-attribute

path = path

app instance-attribute

app = resolve_app_parent(app=app)

name instance-attribute

name = name

routes property

routes

Returns a list of declared path objects.

parent instance-attribute

parent = parent

dependencies instance-attribute

dependencies = dependencies or {}

exception_handlers instance-attribute

exception_handlers = {} if exception_handlers is None else dict(exception_handlers)

interceptors instance-attribute

interceptors = interceptors or []

permissions instance-attribute

permissions = {index: wrap_permission(permission)for (index, permission) in enumerate(permissions) if is_esmerald_permission(permission)}

middleware instance-attribute

middleware = middleware or []

include_in_schema instance-attribute

include_in_schema = include_in_schema

deprecated instance-attribute

deprecated = deprecated

security instance-attribute

security = security or []

tags instance-attribute

tags = tags or []